$course$/top/Reading Quiz 3 Question 1 According to the textbook, what is the key moral difference between genetic engineering and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 Genetic engineering transforms an embryo that would have had a disease into one without it, while PGD discards the embryo with the disease entirely.

]]> Genetic engineering is more expensive than PGD, making it's accessibility a further ethical problem.

]]> PGD transforms the embryo's genes, while genetic engineering simply selects among existing embryos.

]]> There is no moral difference; the textbook treats them as ethically equivalent procedures.

]]> Incorrect.

]]> Question 10 Which comparison does Asch draw to challenge public health's endorsement of prenatal testing for disability?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 She compares it to public health campaigns against smoking, arguing both unfairly target vulnerable populations.

]]> Incorrect.

]]> She notes that public health opposes sex selection, yet promotes selecting against disability.

]]> She compares it to mandatory vaccination programs, arguing both override individual autonomy.

]]> She argues that prenatal testing is comparable to forced sterilization programs from the early twentieth century.

]]> Question 11 In the excerpt from Practical Ethics, what does Singer mean by the 'total view' treating infants as 'replaceable'?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 That society should create government programs to place disabled infants with adoptive families who can better care for them.

]]> That if a disabled infant is killed and replaced by another child who will have a better life, the loss of the first life is outweighed by the gain of the second.

]]> That all infants are interchangeable because they lack unique personalities at birth.

]]> Incorrect.

]]> That medical technology should focus on replacing defective genes rather than terminating pregnancies.

]]> Question 12 According to Singer, what is the only morally significant dividing line that could provide a basis for holding it wrong to kill one being and replace it with another?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 Viability outside the womb.

]]> The moment of birth.

]]> Self-consciousness.

]]> The development of a functioning nervous system capable of feeling pain.

]]> Question 13 Singer uses the example of thalidomide to make which point?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 That pharmaceutical companies should be held to higher ethical standards when testing drugs on pregnant women.

]]> That society already implicitly recognizes it is better to be born without disabilities.

]]> That government regulation of drugs is the most effective way to prevent disabilities.

]]> That disabled individuals caused by thalidomide went on to live satisfying lives, proving disability is not a serious hardship.

]]> Incorrect.

]]> Question 14 According to Singer, under what circumstance would the replaceability argument NOT justify ending the life of a disabled newborn?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 When the disability is not detectable through prenatal diagnosis.

]]> When a childless couple is willing to adopt the child.

]]> When the disabled infant has already survived past the first week of life.

]]> When the parents have religious objections to ending the infant's life.

]]> Question 15 What is Singer's concluding claim about the moral status of killing a disabled infant?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 It is always morally wrong because all human beings have an inherent right to life from the moment of birth.

]]> It is morally equivalent to killing any other person and should be treated as murder.

]]> Killing a disabled infant is not morally equivalent to killing a person, and very often it is not wrong at all.

]]> It is only permissible when the infant's condition is certain to cause death within the first year of life.

]]> Question 2 The textbook draws an analogy between using PGD to eliminate embryos with diseases and which historical atrocity?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 The forced sterilization programs in early 20th-century America.

]]> Nazi eugenics and the killing of people with diseases and disabilities.

]]> The Tuskegee syphilis experiments on African American men.

]]> Colonial-era medical experiments performed without consent.

]]> Question 3 According to the textbook, why does the slippery slope argument against PGD (that parents might discard embryos for trivial reasons like hair color) have limited force?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 Laws already exist in every country that ban PGD for cosmetic traits.

]]> PGD depends on IVF, which is risky, unpleasant, and costly.

]]> Genetic testing technology is not advanced enough to detect traits like hair color.

]]> Religious authorities have universally condemned the use of PGD for non-medical reasons.

]]> Question 4 The textbook discusses the case of Tomato and Paula Lichy, a deaf couple. What did this couple want to do using PGD?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 They wanted to select against deafness to ensure their child could hear.

]]> They wanted to use PGD to correct the genetic cause of deafness in their embryos.

]]> They wanted to select for a deaf child.

]]> They wanted to create a savior sibling who could donate stem cells to cure deafness.

]]> Question 5 According to the textbook, why is the Kantian objection to 'saviour siblings' more complex than it first appears?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 Kant never actually discussed medical ethics, so his views cannot be applied to this case.

]]> The Kantian requirement is to not treat others as a mere means to your ends.

]]> Kant believed that children have no moral status until they reach the age of reason.

]]> The Kantian objection is actually straightforward and does clearly prohibit saviour siblings.

]]> Question 6 According to Asch, what is the primary focus of her critique of prenatal testing and selective abortion?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 The individual decision made by the pregnant woman or her partner.

]]> The view of disability that is communicated by society's efforts to develop and promote prenatal testing.

]]> The medical risks that prenatal testing procedures pose to the mother.

]]> The financial costs that prenatal testing imposes on the healthcare system.

]]> Question 7 According to Asch, what do medically oriented understandings of disability mistakenly assume?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 That disability is entirely genetic in origin and cannot be influenced by the environment.

]]> That a disabled person will likely contribute nothing to family or social life.

]]> That all disabilities are equally severe and should be treated in the same manner.

]]> That people with disabilities are always unhappy and never report life satisfaction.

]]> Question 8 According to Asch, what did the Duster and Beeson study on families affected by cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia find?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 Family members with closer relationships to the affected individual were more supportive of genetic testing as a way to prevent the condition.

]]> All family members uniformly supported the use of selective abortion to prevent future cases.

]]> The closer the relationship between a family member and the affected individual, the more uncomfortable the family member was with genetic testing technology.

]]> Families affected by these conditions had significantly higher rates of divorce and financial hardship.

]]> Question 9 What does Asch argue differentiates prenatal testing followed by selective abortion from other forms of disability prevention (such as environmental cleanup or seat-belt promotion)?

]]> 1.0000000 0.3333333 0 true true abc 1 Prenatal testing is more expensive and less effective than other prevention methods.

]]> Prenatal testing is intended not to prevent disability of an existing human being, but to prevent the birth of a human being who will have a disability.

]]> Prenatal testing only addresses genetic disabilities while other methods address all forms of disability.

]]> Prenatal testing requires the consent of both parents while other prevention methods do not.

]]>